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51.
Estimating emissions from crop residue open burning in China based on statistics and MODIS fire products 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
With the objective of reducing the large uncertainties in the estimations of emissions from crop residue open burning, an improved method for establishing emission inventories of crop residue open burning at a high spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° and a temporal resolution of1 month was established based on the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) Thermal Anomalies/Fire Daily Level3 Global Product(MOD/MYD14A1). Agriculture mechanization ratios and regional crop-specific grain-to-straw ratios were introduced to improve the accuracy of related activity data. Locally observed emission factors were used to calculate the primary pollutant emissions. MODIS satellite data were modified by combining them with county-level agricultural statistical data, which reduced the influence of missing fire counts caused by their small size and cloud cover. The annual emissions of CO_2, CO, CH_4,nonmethane volatile organic compounds(NMVOCs), N_2O, NO_x, NH_3, SO_2, fine particles(PM2.5),organic carbon(OC), and black carbon(BC) were 150.40, 6.70, 0.51, 0.88, 0.01, 0.13, 0.07, 0.43,1.09, 0.34, and 0.06 Tg, respectively, in 2012. Crop residue open burning emissions displayed typical seasonal and spatial variation. The highest emission regions were the Yellow-Huai River and Yangtse-Huai River areas, and the monthly emissions were highest in June(37%).Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of within ±126% for N_2O to a high of within ± 169% for NH_3. 相似文献
52.
Introduction
This study presents a classification tree based alternative to crash frequency analysis for analyzing crashes on mid-block segments of multilane arterials.Method
The traditional approach of modeling counts of crashes that occur over a period of time works well for intersection crashes where each intersection itself provides a well-defined unit over which to aggregate the crash data. However, in the case of mid-block segments the crash frequency based approach requires segmentation of the arterial corridor into segments of arbitrary lengths. In this study we have used random samples of time, day of week, and location (i.e., milepost) combinations and compared them with the sample of crashes from the same arterial corridor. For crash and non-crash cases, geometric design/roadside and traffic characteristics were derived based on their milepost locations. The variables used in the analysis are non-event specific and therefore more relevant for roadway safety feature improvement programs. First classification tree model is a model comparing all crashes with the non-crash data and then four groups of crashes (rear-end, lane-change related, pedestrian, and single-vehicle/off-road crashes) are separately compared to the non-crash cases. The classification tree models provide a list of significant variables as well as a measure to classify crash from non-crash cases. ADT along with time of day/day of week are significantly related to all crash types with different groups of crashes being more likely to occur at different times.Conclusions
From the classification performance of different models it was apparent that using non-event specific information may not be suitable for single vehicle/off-road crashes.Impact on Industry
The study provides the safety analysis community an additional tool to assess safety without having to aggregate the corridor crash data over arbitrary segment lengths. 相似文献53.
绿化树木是园林景观的主体部分,同样也是园林建设中的目标植物。然而,绿化植物容易受到低温寒冻害的影响,进而影响园林布局美观。基于此,该文提出郑州园林绿化树木低温寒冻害空间分布特征研究方法,统计郑州园林绿化树木类型,对各样本按照乔木层与灌木层进行分类整理,将频度、显著度、密度等作为计算树木多样性的指标,分析比较结果,根据获得的比较结果,利用遥感图像采集技术对树木进行分层采样处理,提取受冻害植被颜色特征,通过最佳分割阈值算法分割树木与背景,分别获取两个区域的灰度值。最后采用模板匹配方法将马氏距离作为识别树木受冻害的标准,结合受冻指数,得出空间分布特征与植被分布类型有关,且海拔位置越高受冻害影响越严重。根据获得的空间分布特征结果,可及时采取有效的防治措施,加强对郑州园林绿化树木的保护。 相似文献
54.
以北京油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林为研究对象,采用独立样本T检验、冗余分析等方法,分析重度火烧1年后林下植被(灌木层和草本层)的物种多样性、叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.结果显示:(1)与对照样地相比,重度火烧后灌木层物种丰富度指数极显著降低(P <0.01),但Shannon指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou指数虽呈下降趋势但未达显著水平(P> 0.05);草本层除Pielou指数外,各物种多样性指数均显著增加(P <0.05).(2)重度火烧样地灌木层和草本层的叶厚度(LT)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶碳含量(LCC)、叶磷含量(LPC)均高于对照样地,而比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(LNC)、叶片氮磷比(N:P)、叶绿素含量(CHL)低于对照样地,除灌木层LPC和N:P及草本层SLA、LCC和LPC外,其他各叶功能性状在火烧与对照间差异均达显著水平.对于不同生活型而言,对照样地的LDMC、LNC、LCC、CHL存在显著差异,而在重度火烧后差异不显著;LT、SLA在重度火烧和对照样地上均呈现显著差异;而LPC、N:P在重度火烧与对照样地上均无显著差异.(3)重度火烧后1年,灌木层和草本层的叶功能性状均仅与土壤含水率、容重和非毛管孔隙度密切相关.本研究表明在油松人工林重度火烧后1年,灌木层物种多样性降低,而草本层物种多样性增加,灌草层的各叶功能性状主要受土壤物理性质的影响呈现不同的变化规律.(图4参45) 相似文献
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针对燃煤锅炉燃烧产生的低温烟气仍具有一定温度的现象,提出通过增设超导热管空气预热器对这部分低温烟气余热加以回收的设想,对锅炉送风进行预热,探讨烟气余热利用可达到的送风温度、节能效果及可能产生的经济效益。 相似文献
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计划火烧是预防森林火灾的一种有效手段,成本低,效果显著。本文详细阐述了计划火烧的意义和作用、计划火烧前的准备工作,并提出了计划火烧的注意事项及实际操作要领。 相似文献